Everything You Need to Know to Choose the Right Resistor for Your First PCB Design Project
Planning to embark on your first PCB design software project? There’s a ton of components that you’ll end up using, but none can beat the infamous of them all – the simple resistor. If you have ever looked at a circuit board, you’ll find resistors are all over the place, controlling the current flow and making those LEDs light up. But what exactly is a resistor, how does it work, and how in the world do you choose the right one for your first PCB design project? Fear not, we have you covered with everything you might need to know.
What is a Resistor?
Resistors are one of several passive electrical components, and their job is relatively simple yet vital – creating resistance in the flow of an electric current. Have you ever seen a LED light up? That was made possible thanks to the trusty resistor. By placing a resistor behind a LED in a circuit, you get all of the brilliant lights without anything burning out!
The value of a resistor is its resistance, measured in Ohms (Ω). If you have ever taken a basic electronics course in the past, then they likely drilled Ohm’s Law into your head. You will use Ohm’s Law time and time again when dealing with resistors.
Ohm’s Law, the one formula to rule them all when it comes to figuring out resistance.
Finding a resistor symbol on a schematic is easy. The international symbol is a standard rectangular shape, but the US standard has the zigzag line that makes it easy to identify. Regardless of the form, both styles have a set of terminals connecting the ends.
Here’s the US resistor (left) and international resistor (right) that you’ll find on any schematic.
What Kind of Resistors Are There?
There’s a ton of resistors floating about that are divided into two categories – construction type and resistance material. Let’s cover both:
Construction Type
Fixed Resistors – As the name implies, these resistors have a fixed resistance and tolerance regardless of any changes in temperature, light, etc.
Variable Resistors – These parts have a modifiable resistance. The potentiometer is a great example, which has a dial that can be turned to ramp up or down the resistance. Other variable resistors include the trimpot and rheostat.
Physical Quality Resistors – These resistors are like chameleons and can change their resistance based on a variety of physical properties, including temperature, light levels and even magnetic fields. Physical quality resistors include the thermistor, photoresistor, varistor, and magneto-resistor.
Resistance Material
Resistors can also be broken down into the actual material they are made from, which has a huge effect on how they resist an electric current. These materials include:
l Carbon composition
l Carbon film
l Metal film
l Thick and thin film
l Foil
l Wire Wound
Carbon composition is an older technique that has been around for a while and produces a resistor with a low degree of precision. You’ll still find these for use in applications where high energy pulses occur.
The older carbon film resistor, still in use when precision is not a concern.
Of all the resistor material types, wire wounds are the oldest of them all, and you’ll still find these in use when you need precise resistance for high power applications. These ancient resistors are widely known for being reliable even at low resistance values.
The wire wound resistor, the oldest and most precise resistor available.
Today, metal and metal oxide resistors are the most widely used, and are better for providing a stable tolerance and resistance, while also being less influenced by changes in temperature.
The most widely used metal oxide resistor provides a stable tolerance and resistance.
How Can You Use Resistors?
You’ll find resistors being utilized in many applications beyond just resisting electric current. Other applications include dividing voltage, generating heat, matching and loading circuits, controlling gain, and fixing time constraints. In more practical applications, you’ll find large resistors being used to power electric brakes in trains, which helps to release all of the stored kinetic energy.
That’s some serious resistance, check out the brakes on this train that release stored kinetic energy.
Here are some other cool applications that the versatile resistor is used for:
l Measuring electrical current – You can measure the voltage drop across a precision resistor that has a known resistance when it’s connected to a circuit. This is calculated
using Ohm’s Law.
l Powering LEDs – Giving a LED too much of a current will burn out that beautiful light. By connecting a resistor behind a LED you can control how much current the LED
receives to keep the light shining.
l Powering blower motors – That ventilation system in your car is being driven by a blower motor, and a special resistor is used to control the speed of the fan. This resistor
type is called, not surprisingly, the blower motor resistor!
The blower motor resistor, keeping all of that air moving in your car.
How is a Resistor Measured?
The value that you will see time and time again is resistance. This value is displayed in different ways, and there are currently two standards for measuring how resistance appears with either color coded markers or SMD codes.
Color Coding
You might be familiar with the color coding system if you have ever tinkered with a breadboard. This technique was invented in the 1920’s, and the resistance and tolerance values are displayed by several colored bands painted on the body of the resistor.
different-color-bands-resistor
Notice how the color bands on these resistors are all different, giving them a unique resistance and tolerance value.
Most of the resistors that you look at will have four colored bands. Here’s how they breakdown:
l The first two bands determine the primary digits of the resistance value.
l The third band determines the multiplying factor, which will give a resistance value.
l And lastly, the fourth band provides you with a tolerance value.
All of the different colors on a resistor correspond to different numbers. You can use a handy resistor color code calculator to quickly determine these values in the future. If you’re more of a visual learner, here’s a great video we found that shows you how to make sense of the color coding:
SMD Resistors
Not every resistor is large enough to be identified by color coding, especially when using Surface Mount Devices, or SMDs. To compensate for the smaller space, SMD resistors are given a numerical-based code. If you take a look at a modern circuit board, you’ll notice that SMD resistors are also all the same size. This helps to standardize the manufacturing process with those rapid-fire pick-and-place machines.
How to read the number on top of SMD resistors.
How to Choose the Right Resistor
Ok, time for the most important part, learning how to figure out exactly what kind of resistor you need for your first PCB design project. We have broken this down into three easy steps, which includes:
1. Calculating your required resistance
2. Calculating your power rating
3. And lastly, selecting a resistor based on these two values
Step 1 – Calculating Your Resistance
This is where you will use Ohm’s Law to calculate your resistance. You can use one of the standard formulas below when your voltage and current are known.
v=ir
Step 2 – Calculating Your Power Rating
Next, you need to figure out how much power your resistor is going to need to dissipate. This can be calculated with the following formula:
In this formula, P is your power in Watts, V is the voltage drop across the resistor, and R is the resistance of the resistor in Ohms. Here’s a quick example of how this formula would work in action:
A simple circuit to demonstrate how to calculate your power rating.
In the circuit above, we have a LED that has a 2V voltage, a resistor with a 350 Ohm value, and a power supply giving us 9V. So how much power will dissipate in this resistor? Let’s add it up. We first need to find the voltage drop of the resistor, which is 9V from the battery and 2V from the LED, so:
9V - 2V = 7V
You can then plug in all of this information into your formula:
P = 7V*7V / 350 Ohm = 0.14 Watts
Step 3 – Choosing a Resistor
Now that you have your resistance and power rating values, it’s time to pick an actual resistor from a component distributor. We always recommend sticking with standard resistors that will be carried in stock by every distributor. Sticking with standard resistor types will make your life a whole lot easier once it’s time to manufacture. Three solid component suppliers that you can find some quality parts from include Digikey, Mouser, and Farnell/Newark.
The Resistance is Strong in This One
So there you go, everything you might possibly ever need to know about resistors for your first PCB design project. Resistors have so much versatility, and you’ll find yourself using them time and time again in every electronics project that you dabble. The next time you need to choose a resistor, remember the simple three step process – calculate your resistance, then your power rating, and then find a supplier!
